癌症是一组可影响身体任何部位的多种疾病的通称。使用的其它术语为恶性肿瘤和赘生物。癌症的一个决定性特征是异常细胞快速生成，这些细胞超越其通常边界生长并可侵袭身体的临近部位和扩散到其它器官。后者被称为转移。广泛转移是癌症死亡的主要原因。
A effectively-known illustration of this is the Philadelphia chromosome, or translocation of chromosomes 9 and 22, which takes place in Long-term myelogenous leukemia and leads to creation of the BCR-abl fusion protein, an oncogenic tyrosine kinase.
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The affected genes are divided into two broad categories. Oncogenes are genes that encourage mobile expansion and replica. Tumor suppressor genes are genes that inhibit cell division and survival. Malignant transformation can come about from the development of novel oncogenes, the inappropriate about-expression of usual oncogenes, or by the beneath-expression or disabling of tumor suppressor genes.
用于手术前、中、后的辅助治疗，或与化疗联合应用等，适用于晚期直肠癌、宫颈癌、乳腺癌、喉癌等癌症的局部治疗。
允许其快速增长。基因突变可以命令细胞快速增长和分裂。这将产生许多具有相同突变的新细胞。
某些癌症类型，如睾丸精原细胞瘤以及不同类型的儿童白血病和淋巴瘤，如果加以适当的治疗，即使癌细胞已经扩散到身体其它部位，治愈率也很高。
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Large-scale mutations include the deletion or get of a portion of a chromosome. Genomic amplification takes place any time a cell gains copies (usually twenty or maybe more) of a little chromosomal locus, normally made up of a number of oncogenes and adjacent genetic materials. Translocation happens when two different chromosomal locations turn into abnormally fused, normally in a attribute locale.
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另一方面，現在有些方法則是想利用身體本身的免疫系統產生非專一性的免疫反應來對抗癌細胞，例如卡介苗膀胱內灌注免疫療法（英语：intravesical BCG immunotherapy）將卡介苗灌注進入膀胱內，以引發免疫反應對抗表淺性膀胱癌（英语：superficial bladder most cancers）。此外使用干擾素和介白質素，均可引起免疫反應。而使用疫苗所產生的免疫反應來對抗腫瘤的研究也正在進行當中，尤其是針對惡性黑色素瘤與腎細胞腫瘤（英语：renal mobile carcinoma））。
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相反的，子宮頸抹片檢查在所有種類的癌症篩檢中則具有最好的成本效益。以公共衛生考量來看，子宮頸癌的病程發展通常十分緩慢，長達數年，又具有明顯的危險因子（性接觸），因此有相當高的機會可在癌症仍是早期時篩檢出來，最重要的是，抹片的成本很低，能夠大量推行。基於這些原因，一項癌症篩檢是否應該進行，民眾的健康改善程度和篩檢的成本與治療的風險都必須列入考慮。